The Economy of Russia: Implications for the Civil Services Exam 2026 Russia's economy is a complex tapestry shaped by its vast natural resources, historical legacies, and contemporary geopolitical dynamics. As candidates prepare for the Civil Services Exam 2026, understanding the intricacies of Russia's economic structure, its challenges, and its global impact is crucial. This article delves into key aspects of the Russian economy and how they relate to broader international contexts. Overview of the Russian Economy Russia is the world's largest country by land area and possesses an abundance of natural resources, notably oil, natural gas, and minerals. The economy is characterized by a mix of state control and market mechanisms, with the government playing a significant role in key sectors. #### Key Sectors 1. **Energy Sector**: - Russia is one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas, with state-owned companies like Gazprom and Rosneft dominating the market. ...
Pali subject has two papers, one covering the language (i.e. Grammar, writing skills etc.) and the other covering literature. Beauty of the subject is that it has got very limited syllabus, so you can prepare well within the defined limits; you can concentrate more on effectiveness of your answers rather than striving for somehow finishing the syllabus, as may be the case with many other literature subjects.
PAPER-I (Pãli Language)
PAPER-II (Pãli Literature)
There will be two compulsory questions which must be answered in Pali Languege in Devanagari or Roman Script. The remaining questions must be attempted either in Pali or in the medium of examination opted by the candidate.
PAPER-I (Pãli Language)
(N.B. All answers must be written in Pali language in Devanãgarî or Roman Script)
Section-A
1. Origin and Homeland of Pãli and its characteristics.
2. Pãli Grammar-
(I) Technical Terms of Pãli Grammar-Akkhara, Sara, Vyañjana, Niggahîta, Nãma, Sabbanãma, Ãkhyãta, Upasagga, Nipãta, Abyaya,
(II) Kãraka,
(III) Samãsa;
(IV) Sandhi;
(V) Taddhita. (Apaccabodhaka-and Ãdhikãrabodhaka- Paccaya);
(VI) Etymological derivation of the following words :- Buddho, Bhikkhu, Sãmanero, Satthã, Dhammo, Latãyã, Purisãnam, Tumhe, Amhebhi, Munina, Rattîsu, Phalãya, Atthîsu, Raññam, Sangho.
3. Translation of two Pãli unseen passages into English.
Section-B
4. Essays consisting of 300 words on any one of the following :
(a) Bhagavã Buddho,
(b) Tilakkhanam,
(c) Ariyo atthañgiko maggo,
(d) Cattãri ariyasaccãni,
(e) Kammavãdo
(f) Paticcasamuppãdo,
(g) Nibbãnam paramam sukham,
(h) Tipitakam,
(i) Dhammapadam,
(j) Majjhimã-Patipadã.
5. Summary of Pãli passages.
6. Explanation of Pãli verses in Pãli.
7. The meaning of following indeclinables (Abyaya and Nipãta) and their use in candidates’ own Pãli sentences :
(I) Atha,
(II) Antarã,
(III) Addhã,
(IV) Kadã,
(V) Kittãvatã,
(VI) Ahorattam,
(VII) Divã,
(VIII) Yathã,
(IX) Ce,
(X) Seyyathîdam,
(XI) Vinã,
(XII) Kudãcannam,
(XIII) Saddhim,
(XIV) Antarena,
(XV) Kho,
(XVI) Mã,
(XVII) Evam,
(XVIII) Ettha,
(XIX) Kira,
(XX) Pana.
PAPER-II (Pãli Literature)
There will be two compulsory questions which must be answered in Pali Languege in Devanagari or Roman Script. The remaining questions must be attempted either in Pali or in the medium of examination opted by the candidate.
Section-A
(i) Life and teachings of Buddha from the Pãli sources.
(ii) History of Pali Literature-Canonical and Non-Canonical with reference to the following books and authors: Mahãvagga, Cullavagga, Pãtimokkha, Dîgha-Nikãya, Dhammapada, Jãtaka, Theragãthã, Therîgãthã,Dîpavamsa, Mahãvamsa, Dãthãvamsa, Sãsanavamsa, Milindapanha, Petakopadesa, Nettippakarana, Buddhadatta, Buddhaghosa and Dhammapãla.
Section-B
1. Textual questions, critical comments and annotated translations would be asked from the following prescribed texts :-
(i) Dîghã-Nikãya (Only the Sãmaññaphala- Sutta)
(ii) Sutta-nipãta (Only the Khaggavisana- Sutta and Dhaniya-Sutta)
(iii) Dhammapada (Only the first five Vaggã-s)
(iv) Milindapanha (Only the Lakkhanapanha)
(v) Mahavamsa (Only the Tatiya-Sangiti)
(vi) Abhidhammattha-sangaha (First, Second and Sixth Chapters)
(vii) Pãli Prosody : Vuttodaya-Anutthubha, Indavajirã, Upendavajirã, Vasantatilakã, Mãlinî, Sikharinî, Upajati, totaka, Dodhaka, Vamsattha.
(viii) Pãli Rhetoric : Subodhãlankãrã - Yamaka, Anuppãsa, Rûpaka, Upama, Atisayutti, Vyatireka, Nidassanã, Atthantaranyãsa, Dîpaka, Ditthanta.
2. Short Notes on Buddhist concepts dealt within the prescribed texts.
3. Explanation of Pãli Verses from the prescribed texts.
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